The Republic of Azerbaijan is situated in the Eurasia at the juncture of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is the largest and the most populous country among the South Caucasus nations. It is bordered by Russia to the north, Georgia to the west and northwest, Armenia to the southwest, and Iran to the south and the land is covered by the Caspian Sea in the east. The territory of Azerbaijan includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh region and several islands in the Caspian Sea. It is a member of United Nations, OSCE, Council of Europe, and the NATO’s Partnership for Peace. Almost over the half of all the mud volcanoes in the world are located in Azerbaijan. The capital Baku located at 40 23 N, 49 52 E, is the only port of Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea.
HISTORY:- Caucasian Albanians were the original inhabitants of Azerbaijan. Sassanid and Byzantine empires had invaded the land several times but left no prominent mark on the Albanians. Islamic Umayyad Caliphate had turned the region into a dependent state by overthrowing the Sassanids and Byzantines. After the Caliphate downfall in 667 AD, numerous powers including Salarids, Sajids, Shaddadids, Rawadids and Buyids reigned in the region. In the beginning of 11th century, the state came under the Turk control. After two Russo-Persian Wars, the region was merged into the Russian Empire with the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813 and the Treaty of Turkamanchai in 1828. After the downfall of Russia in World War I, Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was formed by Azerbaijan, with Armenia and Georgia. After the dissolution of the republic, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) was established but destroyed by the Red Army in 1920. In 1936, Azerbaijan SSR was again set up a separate Soviet Republic. Finally the land gained independence on 30th August, 1991 with Ayaz Mutallibov as the elected as president.
GEOGRAPHY:- Azerbaijan is located at 40 30 N, 47 30 E in southern Asia. The country comprises total 86,600 sq km (land: 86,100 sq km; water: 500 sq km) area including the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh region. The country is landlocked but the Caspian Sea borders Azerbaijan in the east. The lowest point is the Caspian Sea (-28 m) and the highest point is Bazarduzu Dagi (4,485 m). The country is mostly mountainous as the three mountains- the Greater, and Lesser Caucasus in the north, and the Talysh Mountains in the west capture the land by 40%.
CLIMATE:- The climate of Azerbaijan is dry and subtropical with hot summers and temperate winters. The steppe region is semi arid. Alpine tundra climate is seen on the mountains.
GOVERNMENT:- Azerbaijan is a republican country. The constitution was adopted on 12th November 1995. The legal system is based on civil codes. The government duties are distributed among three main branches:
Executive:- It comprises the President (chief of state), the Prime minister (head of government), and cabinet. The council of ministers is appointed by the president with the support of the National Assembly.
Legislative:- It comprises the unicameral National Assembly (125 seats).
Judicial:- It comprises the Supreme Court.
Some significant political parties are New Azerbaijan Party, Musavat Party, Popular Front Party, Liberal Party, Democratic Party, National Independence Party, Democratic Reforms Party, Civil Solidarity Party, Hope Party, Justice Party. Suffrage is universal at and above 18.
President Ilham Aliyev
Prime Minister Artur Rasizade
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS:- Azerbaijan is decomposed into 59 rayons, 11 city districts and 1 self-governing republic of Nakhchivan, which in turn is divided into 7 rayons.
CULTURE:- 14 string instruments, 8 percussion instruments and 6 wind instruments are the national musical instruments of Azerbaijan. Chokha and Papakhi are the Azeri national clothing. Azeri cuisine includes more than 30 kinds of soups. The inhabitants of the southern region add rose water into the tea.
ECONOMY:- Oil exports is the backbone of Azeri economy. It is a fast growing economy. The country is a member of the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Islamic Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank etc. Azerbaijan is also rich in natural gas reserves.
GDP/PPP (2007 est.): $72.2 billion; per capita $9,000.
Real growth rate: 31%.
Inflation: 16%.
Unemployment: 8.5% official rate (2005 est.).
Arable land: 20.62%.
Agriculture: cotton, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea, tobacco; cattle, pigs, sheep, goats.
Labor force: 5.243 million (2007 est.); agriculture and forestry 41%, industry 7%, services 52% (2001).
Industries: petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield equipment; steel, iron ore; cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles. Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, alumina.
Exports: $19.53 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.): oil and gas 90%, machinery, cotton, foodstuffs.
Imports: $6.376 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.): machinery and equipment, oil products, foodstuffs, metals, chemicals.
Budget:
Revenues: $6.752 billion
Expenditures: $8.36 billion (2007 est.)
Public debt: 5.4% of GDP (2007 est.)
Major trading partners: Italy, Israel, Turkey, France, Russia, Iran, Georgia (2006).
Monetary unit: Manat
LANGUAGE:- Azerbaijani is the official language.
Azerbaijani (Azeri) 90.3%
Lezgi 2.2%
Russian 1.8%
Armenian 1.5%
Other 3.3%
Unspecified 1% (1999)
CITIES:- The largest city is capital Baku.
POPULATION:- The estimated Azeri population is 8,177,717 having a growth rate of 0.7%.
Density per sq mi: 243
Literacy rate: 98.8% (1999 est.)
RACE:-
Azeri 90.6%
Dagestani 2.2%
Russian 1.8%
Armenian 1.5%
Other 3.9% (1999).
RELIGION:-
Islam 93%
Russian Orthodox 3%
Armenian Orthodox 2%
Other 2% (1995 est.)
HEALTH:-
Birth rate: 17.52 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Death rate: 8.32 deaths/ 1,000 population (2008 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 56.43 deaths/ 1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.31 years
Total fertility rate: 2.05 children born/ woman (2008 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 100 (2001 est.)
Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2005): 193
UNICEF:- UNICEF with the Azeri government organized immunization programmes to fight against measles and rubella and distributed vitamin A supplements to children under six. To fight against childhood diseases, UNICEF supplies required drugs and medicines, and gives training to hospital people. Deficiency of iodine also is lessened. Global fund has granted $6 million to fight against Tuberculosis and Malaria and mostly HIV. To improve child care, UNICEF ties up with Procter & Gamble and undertakes several child welfare programmes. UNICEF with the World Food Programme, arranges feeding programme in the primary schools in remote areas.
TRANSPORTATION:-
Railways: total: 2,122 km (2006).
Highways: total: 59,141 km ; paved: 29,210 km; unpaved: 29,931 km (2004).
Ports and harbors: Baku (Baki).
Airports: 35 (2007).
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